It is a systematic, organized and scientific investigation of Geological field that enables to create a geological model that exhibits several important facts about the area. This includes essential information about the mineral resources, natural or artificial exposure of the rocks so that the origin, composition and age of them can be figured out, etc. There exist numerous tools and methodologies that can be used in order to conduct such surveys which provide required information to the investigators. After extensive investigation and sample collections, a topographic map may be designed that depicts the exact condition of the geology of the area, and also acts as a support mechanism to take major decisions like whether to establish structures on that area or to drill boreholes for oil or gas. The scale of the survey can range from being a small scale to a large scale depending on the area to be surveyed by the concerned authority.
It is one of the most important aspect of construction industry where expertise and experience makes a lot of difference. Drilling upto the appropriate diameter which typically ranges from 4 inch to 24 inch, with state of art drilling equipments needs ideal supervision and skill for the workers. Not only that, for proper water supply for domestic or industrial need, drilling boreholes up to 400 m is possible following appropriate guidelines. Further it is to be ensured that the equipments comply with the Health and Safety regulations that makes drilling of boreholes effective yet eco-friendly with minimal disturbance and disruption. Before the process can initiate, a team of surveyors can validate it through proper testing and then another strong team comprising of experienced team members can surely make things work that meet the expectations of the client to the fullest.
Rehabilitation refers to a process that is extensively used to restore a borehole or a well, which is deviated from standard functioning. This involves reviving its flow rate, cleaning pollution, increasing depth, improving water level due to dry ups, reconstructing damaged concrete, correcting equipment breakdowns, etc. there are several methods and tools which may be adopted to perform the tasks and rehabilitate the well to its initial stage. Few other works include casting the internal wall with proper coating, improving water pumping methods, putting lids on the top and maintaining proper hygiene for the well become essential to look after. This project is surely cumbersome and requires lots of experience and skill to perform. Choosing the correct technique for analyzing damage, their frequency, reasons and other issues for each of these tasks can save time, effort and money and reach to a solution faster than usual.
Blast Hole drilling, done with controlled usage of explosives, is one of the most rigorous as well as expensive processes of any civil project. It requires specific engineering tools and instruments drills holes inside the hard rocks for mining and other purposes. The drilling pattern, diameter of the hole, and other factors depend complelety on the client’s requirement, however the diameter ranges from 30 mm to 400 mm to be on the safer side. There must be a strong team of surveyors who would determine the type, and category of the rock to be blasted and then take the decision to move further, otherwise the future projects can be negatively affected. Hence appropriate safety measures are needed to be taken for desired outcomes. Soil testing is another reason why blast drilling is such an essential procedure since it gives a complete idea about the materials and ores present within the earth and whether it will be proper enough to support the structure.
Casing is a procedure where a pipe with large diameter is inserted into a cross section of a borehole and later casted with cement. This is essential as it prevents water from being contaminated with germs, isolates different zones with different water pressure and seals the high pressure zones, provides a strong foundation for high density fluid and restricts its loss, and also makes the internal bore smoother for installing other equipments. This definitely needs lots of experience and engineering skills to install the casing properly so that the intended works can be carried away. Usually the pipe is made up of plastic or fibre so that other issues never arise once it is placed inside the borehole.
A pumping test is an experiment carried out in field where any water well is pumped at a particular and controlled rate to measure the drawdown or water level response, for the surrounding wells apart from the one under experiment. The data collected is used to estimate the performance of the well, the properties of aquifers and to understand their boundaries. It must be carried out at a periodic interval so that the problems may be identified and adequate measures might be taken by time to prevent damage. However, the job needs skillful labors who can carry it out properly and give accurate data for better efficiency and effectiveness.
Hand pumps are inexpensive and comparatively safer sources of drinking water for rural areas. They are capable of lifting water from around 100 metres down the ground as well as seals the water source to prevent it from contamination. The charges depend on the depth of the pump installation which also determines the amount of effort needed during the process. Submersible pumps are cylindrical thin pumps with a depth of 5 feet which are kept from the bottom of the well to push water up into a pressure tank, through thin pipes. However the installation involves a rigorous process and must be done under complete supervision of an expert team.
Over head tanks are used to store liquids of all sorts like water, petroleum, and others. These tanks are expected to be crack free for obvious reasons. A team of well qualified engineers with special knowledge in structural design is essential for construction of such tanks. A desirable level of safety is utmost important along with durability of the liquid put in. The structure of the storage must be very solid, made up of concrete or steel for better results. Few criteria may be kept in mind like capacity, staging, liquid depth, height of staging, frame or shaft staging, liquid tower, force actions, etc.
It is one of the most important aspects since it is responsible for supplying water to each and every part of the rural area. There are projects that involve components like water treatment plants, electrical transmission lines, intake wells, pumping stations, pumping machineries, ground level reservoirs, including laying and working on various pipe materials, adjoining civil works etc. Most companies responsible for civil works have separate design departments that carry out an extensive survey of water supply scheme and deliver a economic as well as reliable design for the same. Several stages of such schemes include site survey, cost estimation, billing, pipe manufacturing and its utilization etc.